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Computer Operators

THE JOB

COMPUTER OPERATORS control and monitor the operations of computer hardware
systems, including minicomputers, networks of personal computers (PCs), and
mainframes, ensuring efficient use.  Meeting the demand of computer
networking or multi-user systems, Computer Operators are working on PCs and
minicomputers, applying the same tasks as those performed on larger
computers.  Automation has also changed the nature of an Operator's job. As
technology continues to advance, Computer Operators will monitor an
automated system.

The duties of Computer Operators vary with the size of the installation, the
type of equipment used, and the policies of the employer.  A typical data
processing cycle starts with a request for a report.  Once the need is
identified and the end product agreed upon, a computer programmer prepares a
computer program for obtaining the required data output. This program might
be a special listing used only once or it might be retained and routinely
used for years.  The program specifies the input data needed, the type of
processing the data will receive, and the format of the final product.

The program is then given to the Computer Operator for processing.
Following the programmer's instructions, the Operator loads the program into
the computer using disks, tapes, and paper.  They also type commands on the
keyboard of a control console of either a mainframe digital computer or a
group of minicomputers.  Operators monitor and respond to on-screen computer
messages or control-panel lights in order to observe and control the program
being run.

Operators also ensure that all parts of the computer peripheral equipment,
as well as the main console, are properly working together.  After loading
the program, the Operator monitors the system for equipment failure or
errors in performance.  Messages indicate the individual specifications of
each job being run.  If an error message occurs, the Operator must find and
correct the problem or end the program.

In large data processing units, senior or lead Operators maintain the
central consoles.  They are assisted by less experienced Operators,
sometimes referred to as peripheral-equipment operators, who change tapes
and disks and tend other pieces of peripheral equipment such as printers or
printout copy-separating equipment.  Computer Operators may supervise and
train peripheral equipment operators and Computer Operator trainees.
They may also help programmers and systems analysts test and debug new
programs.


WORKING CONDITIONS

Computer Operators work in comfortable rooms where temperature, humidity,
and dust are controlled to keep the machines in operating condition.  Noises
in the room are kept to a minimum with sound-reduction materials, but there
may be a low hum from disk or tape drives and occasional noise from high-
speed printers.

Computer Operators spend much of their time on their feet as they set up,
operate, monitor, and control equipment.  Workers frequently experience
pressure to meet deadlines.  However, there are periods when the machines
run for hours on their own.  In some data processing offices, Computer
Operators are required to lift and carry tapes, disks, paper, and other 
supplies, which may weigh up to 60 pounds.

Since Computer Operators spend a great deal of time at a computer monitor, 
they may be susceptible to eyestrain and backaches.  Also, Operators do many
repetitive tasks that may cause hand and wrist problems.

Depending on the individual employer or the particular industry, Computer
Operators may be members of a union.  In government, these include the
California State Employees Association, and the American Federation of
State, County, and Municipal Employees.


EMPLOYMENT OUTLOOK

The following information is from the California Projections of Employment
published by the Labor Market Information Division.

Estimated number of workers in 1993            31,830
Estimated number of workers in 2005            23,190
Projected Growth 1993-2005                       -27%
Estimated openings due to separations by 2005   5,150

(These figures do not include self-employment nor openings due to turnover.)

The number of jobs for Computer Operators in California is projected to
decline sharply.  Advances in technology have reduced both the size, cost,
and types of computer equipment while at the same time increasing the
capacity for data storage and processing automation.  The expanding use of
software that automates computer operations and the decline of mainframe use
reduces the need for Computer Operators.  This will result in a demand for
highly skilled Operators to monitor a greater number of operations and to be
capable of solving a broader range of problems.  Job opportunities will be 
best for Computer Operators who are familiar with a variety of up-to-date 
operating systems and have a bachelor's degree.


WAGES, HOURS, AND FRINGE BENEFITS

Wages vary due to size of firm, Operator duties, and job location.  The
median wage reported for all experience levels is $12.64 per hour.

Computer Operators work 40 hours a week.  Because some firms use their
computers 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, Computer Operators may be required
to work evenings or night shifts and weekends. A shift differential is
usually paid for early evening and night work.  Shift assignments are made
on the basis of seniority.  Holiday and weekend work are common.  Operators
may be assigned to certain shifts, either permanently or on a rotating basis.
However, automated operations will reduce the need for shift work because
computers can run operations during less desirable hours.

Fringe benefits include paid vacation, sick leave, partially paid
retirement, medical, dental, visual, and life insurance.  A few employers
now provide child care benefits.


ENTRANCE REQUIREMENTS AND TRAINING

Previous work experience is the key to obtaining a Computer Operator job in
many large companies.  Employers look for applicants that have experience
with the type of equipment and related operating systems they use. Formal
computer training through a community college or technical school is highly
recommended and is an asset.  As data processing becomes more automated, it
will be required.

Those interested in becoming Computer Operators must be adaptable and
willing to learn.  Skills ranked high by employers include analytical and
technical experience, ability to work both independently and with close
supervision, to follow directions, meet deadlines, and have effective
written and oral communication skills.


ADVANCEMENT

Computer Operators can advance from operating peripheral equipment to
controlling the console.  Some may be promoted to high levels of technical
responsibility, including promotion to supervisor.  Most management
positions require a bachelor's degree or higher.  With additional training
in programming, Operators can advance to programmer and systems analyst
positions.  But, many employers are beginning to require a bachelor's degree
for such skilled computer jobs.

As technology advances, many Computer Operators will monitor automated
systems.  Some Operators may be responsible for maintaining the equipment,
while others may shift their responsibilities to network operations, user
support, or database maintenance.


FINDING THE JOB

Job seekers should use traditional job search methods such as newspaper ads,
direct contact with medical offices, hospitals and clinics, accounting and
bookkeeping firms and government agencies.  Many employers list available
jobs with schools and temporary employment agencies. Job seekers should also
register with their nearest Job Services office of the California Employment
Development Department.


ADDITIONAL SOURCES OF INFORMATION

California State University, Hayward
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science
25800 Carlos B Boulevard
Hayward, CA  94542-3092
(510) 885-3414 
http://www.mcs.csuhayward.edu/mcs/

California State University, Sacramento
Department of Computer Science
6000 J Street
Sacramento, CA  95819-6021
(916) 278-6834
http://www.ecs.csus.edu/csc/

RELATED OCCUPATIONAL GUIDES

Data Entry Keyers                    No.  16
Computer Programmers                 No.  81
Data Processing Equipment Repairers  No. 152
Computer Systems Analysts            No. 541

OCCUPATIONAL CODE REFERENCES

DOT (Dictionary of Occupational Titles, 4th Ed., 1991)
Computer Operator                213.362-010

OES (Occupational Employment Statistics) System
Computer Operators                    560110


Source: State of California, Employment Development Department,
        Labor Market Information Division, Information Services Group,
        (916) 262-2162.